PAR stands for Photosynthetically Active Radiation, which is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is utilized by plants for photosynthesis. It is measured in micromoles per square meter per second (µmol/m²/s). PAR is the range of light wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm) that are most important for plant growth and development. It includes both visible light (400-700 nm) and some ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) wavelengths. PAR is the most important measure of light for plants, as it determines the amount of energy available for photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy for growth and development.

PPFD stands for Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, which is a measure of the number of photosynthetically active photons (light) that fall on a given area per unit time. It is measured in micromoles per square meter per second (µmol/m²/s). PPFD is a way of quantifying the amount of PAR that is actually received by the plants, unlike PPF which is a measure of the total amount of PAR emitted by a light source. PPFD is an important metric for evaluating the performance of horticultural lighting systems, as it indicates the number of photons that are available for plants to use for photosynthesis. The higher the PPFD, the more energy is available for plants to grow, which can result in increased crop yields and improved plant health. PPFD values are typically measured at the point where the light is delivered to the plants, such as at the top of a canopy.

PPF stands for Photosynthetic Photon Flux, which is a measure of the number of photons that fall on a given area over a specific period of time. It is measured in micromoles per second (µmol/s). PPF is a measure of the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) emitted by a light source. It is an important metric for evaluating the performance of horticultural lighting systems, such as LED grow lights, as it indicates the number of photons that are available for plants to use for photosynthesis. The higher the PPF, the more energy is available for plants to grow, which can result in increased crop yields and improved plant health. PPF values are typically measured at the point where the light is delivered to the plants, such as at the top of a canopy.

Red and blue LEDs are commonly used in horticultural lighting systems because they emit light in the spectral range that is most important for plant growth and development. The red and blue parts of the spectrum are particularly important for photosynthesis and the overall health of plants. Red light is essential for promoting flower and fruit development, while blue light is needed for vegetative growth, such as the development of leaves and stems.

However, studies have suggested that using a broader spectrum of light, including green, yellow, and white light, can also lead to increased crop yields and improved plant health. This is because these other colors of light provide additional benefits such as better color rendering and improved plant morphology. Additionally, some recent studies have shown that using a full spectrum LED lights can provide more energy-efficient and cost-effective way of growing plants compared to using red and blue LEDs alone.

In summary, while red and blue light can be important for plant growth and development, the use of a broader spectrum of light is beneficial and some patented technologies like Bloominescent LED provides a full spectrum of light to achieve high efficacy for plant growth.

Different colored spectrums of light have different effects on plant growth and development. The main colors used in horticultural lighting are red, blue, and white.

• Red light (620-750 nm) is important for promoting flower and fruit development, as it triggers the production of hormones that regulate the growth and development of reproductive structures. It also helps to increase the overall size and number of flowers and fruits.
• Blue light (400-520 nm) is important for vegetative growth, such as the development of leaves and stems. It helps to regulate the growth of leaves and stems and also helps to increase the overall density of the plant. Blue light also helps to promote chlorophyll production, which is essential for photosynthesis.
• White light contains a broad spectrum of colors, including red, blue, and green. It provides a balance of light that can be used for both vegetative and reproductive growth, and it can also improve color rendering, which allows growers to more easily assess the health and maturity of their plants.
• Green light (500-600 nm) is often overlooked as a key component of plant growth and development. Green light is able to penetrate the canopy more deeply than other colors, and it can increase the number of leaves and branches, as well as improve the overall health of the plant.

It's important to note that different plants have different light requirements, so the specific spectrum and intensity of light that is most beneficial for a particular plant will depend on the species and the stage of growth.

Germination - Seedlings - Vegetative and Fruiting/Flowering

You can also include clones in the early stages of plan growth.

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) isa common type of dimming used to adjust the current in white-LED driver devices. PWM dimming takes a rectangle waveform with variable positive duty cycle (D) and adjusts the LED current proportionally.